中国商用车领域的铂族金属需求依然强劲

2020年以来中国商用车市场发生了很多变化，近期卡车销量从疫情萧条中大幅反弹，物流、基建以及排放标准升级共同推动了2020年商用车市场需求，对铂族金属的需求更加有利，对铂金需求的预期增长似乎比对钯金需求更有保障。     

高效方坯连铸生产工艺技术

连铸连轧是现在正在发展的技术之一,高温连铸坯控制是连铸连轧的基础。根据韶钢炼钢厂方坯连铸机高效工艺技术改进情况和国内外先进企业高效方坯连铸机的技术特点,分析了影响方坯连铸机拉速的各种因素,提出了提升方坯连铸拉速的措施。通过改进,炼钢厂方坯连铸最高拉速从2.8提升至3.5 m/min,满足连铸连轧的需求。对比国内外高速连铸机业绩,找出了提升方坯连铸机拉速的关键控制技术,为高效方坯连铸生产工艺技术奠定了基础。     

不同铸型对TC4钛合金的微观组织、织构和持久性的影响

研究不同铸型成型下TC4钛合金的微观组织、织构和高温持久性能,利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等观察和分析TC4钛合金的显微组织与持久性断裂行为。结果表明：不同铸型工艺TC4钛合金的物相均为α相、β相和ω相组成,其中主要物相为α相(90%左右)。与石墨型相比,陶瓷型有利于β→α相变,α相高出5.3%,晶粒平均直径大(d_mean=37.021μm),晶界较少,晶粒均匀相对稳定,当α相比例增大时,材料强度减小,塑性升高。同时陶瓷型织构强度高,取向明显,织构类型为{11-20}<1-100>,与Y方向呈现约45°的夹角,进一步验证了试样在(101)、(002)、(101)峰强增加的原因,与织构的形成有关；陶瓷型试样的高温持久性优于石墨型,在温度(400℃、430℃、460℃)下,持久性应力断裂寿命分别提高了1.174%、15.401、6.998%,均为韧性断裂,其微观形貌为韧窝花样。此外,温度直接影响TC4钛合金的持久寿命,随着温度升高,TC4钛合金的应力断裂寿命逐渐降低。     

Acoustic emission source location considering refraction in layered media with cylindrical surface

To solve the problem that the existing acoustic emission (AE) source location algorithms cannot always obtain accurate results for multilayer cylindrical media, a new acoustic emission source location method considering refraction was proposed. AE source coordinates were solved by the complex method. Pencil-lead-break experiments were used to verify this method. The absolute distance errors of location results are less than 3 mm, much less than those by the traditional method. The numerical experiments were used to further analyze factors that affect location accuracy. The results of numerical experiments show that the location accuracy of the proposed method is not affected by the ratio of wave velocities but affected by the measurement accuracy of wave velocity. These results show that new method can obtain accurate AE source location in the two-layered cylindrical surface media such as the triaxial compression test.     

Phase behaviour modelling of Athabasca bitumen for in situ combustion applications

Phase behaviour modelling of reservoir fluid is a fundamental step for reservoir simulation. Furthermore, as the complexity of the recovery process increases, the fluid model plays a more important role in the reliability of the simulation outputs. Although the in situ combustion enhanced oil recovery method (ISC) is one of the most complex recovery techniques available in the petroleum engineering literature, for most of the simulation jobs related to this elaborate process only simple and rudimentary fluid characterization layouts are considered. In this work, the principal fluid properties of Athabasca bitumen with regard to the ISC process are recognized, extracted from the literature, validated for consistency, and used for the development of an inclusive and accurate fluid model. Then the fluid model is fully developed while considering the ISC reaction kinetics so that the model has both accuracy, indispensable for phase behaviour modelling, and consistency, essential for the reactions definitions.     

基于优化神经网络的高拱坝力学参数反演

高拱坝力学性能参数变化规律复杂,使用人工智能算法进行预测已经成为反演参数的重要手段。使用遗传算法对神经网络进行优化来检验优化后算法的性能,并比较不同算法应用于参数反演中预测结果的精度。根据某高拱坝运行期变形监测数据,分别使用RBF神经网络和遗传算法优化的BP(GA-BP)神经网络对不同水位工况下的坝段分区混凝土弹性模量进行反演。基于反演结果进行有限元正分析计算,将所得结果与实测数据进行对比,检验反演精度和效率。结果表明:GA-BP网络的最大预测误差为1.8%,相比于RBF网络预测精度提高了约50%。使用神经网络进行拱坝力学参数反演实用性好,优化后的神经网络比传统BP神经网络在计算精度和效率两方面均有明显改进,且GA-BP神经网络反演比RBF神经网络反演精度更高。     

The study of optimal parameters of oxygen-enriched combustion in fluidized bed with optimal torrefied woody waste

The study explored the oxygen-enriched combustion behavior of torrefied waste wood pellets in a fluidized bed. For biomass torrefaction, three indexes, namely energy yield index (EY), proximate analysis-based index (PA), and effective comprehensive combustion index (S_mix), are used to present the optimal conditions from each viewpoint. Four operating parameters, incorporating torrefaction temperature, residence time and nitrogen flow rate, were taken into consideration in this study. The signal-to-noise ratios of each parameter were evaluated to examine the influencing impact of different factors. The optimal results were employed in the investigation of biochar combustion using a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor with oxygen lancing. Oxygen was injected into different zones of the fluidized bed to investigate its influence on combustion efficiency. The parameters of biochar combustion optimization include torrefied materials, fluidized-bed temperature, oxygen inlet position, and oxygen concentration. The total fluidized-bed efficiency and the volatile combustion ratio were evaluated.     

Optimal design of an integrated renewable-storage energy system in a mixed-use building

The rise of mixed-use buildings contributes to the sustainable development of cities but are still met with challenges in energy management due to the lack of energy efficiency and sustainability guidelines. The use of integrated renewable-storage energy systems is a more beneficial solution to this problem over individual solutions; however, most design studies only focused on single-type buildings. Thus, this study aims to optimally design an integrated energy system for mixed-use buildings using HOMER Grid. The objective is to minimize the net present costs, subject to capacity limits, energy balances, and operational constraints. Economic metrics were used to evaluate and compare the proposed system to the varying design cases such as business-as-usual, stand-alone renewable source, and stand-alone energy storage. The case study considered a mixed-use building in a tropical area, with a solar photovoltaic system as the renewable energy source and lithium-ion battery as the energy storage system technology. The results show that the integrated system is the most financially attractive design case. It has a levelized cost of electricity of 0.1384 US$ kWh⁻¹, which is significantly less than the 0.2580 US$ kWh⁻¹ baseline. The system also provides electricity cost savings of 294 698 US$ y⁻¹, excess electricity of 35 746 kWh, and carbon emission reduction of 550 tons annually for a mixed-use building with daily average consumption of 4557-kWh and 763-kW peak demand.     

Optimal parameter estimation for PEMFC using modified monarch butterfly optimization

The present study develops a new optimization method called monarch butterfly optimization algorithm for optimal parameter estimation of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). After designing the proposed methodology, it is implemented to 250 MW PEMFC stack under different operating conditions to show the system efficiency and the results are compared with some state-of-the-art methods including Grass Fibrous Root Optimization Algorithm, hybrid Teaching Learning Based Optimization-Differential Evolution Algorithm, and the basic MBO algorithm. Two operational conditions in 3/5 bar and 80°C and 2.5/3 bar, 70°C are used for model verification. The main idea is to minimize the sum of square error (SSE) between the estimated and the actual data. Simulation results in the first condition give an SSE of value 7.277667729 with 9.28434e−16 SD value and in the second condition, an SSE of value 4.52810115 with 0.043581628 standard deviations has been reached as the minimum value among the other compared methods that indicate the accuracy and the robustness of the suggested method toward the analyzed methods. The algorithm also gives a convergence speed of 540 iterations and 370 iterations for conditions 1 and 2, respectively that are the fastest in the study.     

Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with LNG cold energy and waste heat recovery of dual-fuel marine engine

A combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with liquefied nature gas (LNG) cold energy and dual-fuel (DF) marine engine waste heat utilization was proposed. Engine exhaust gas and engine jacket cooling water were adopted as parallel heat sources. Thermo-economic analyses of the proposed system with 32 working fluids combinations were performed. Two objective functions covering thermal efficiencies and economic index were employed for performance evaluation. Afterward, the effects of operation pressure on the objective functions were investigated. Finally, the optimal conditions were obtained from the Pareto front with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) method. The results show that the proposed ORC system has better energy recovery performances than the parallel ORC system. R1150-R600a-R290, R1150-R601a-R600a, and R170-R601-R290 are determined as the three most promising working fluids combinations. Under optimized conditions, the output power range is 199.97 to 218.51 kW, the energy efficiency range is 13.64% to 15.62%, and the exergy efficiency range is 25.29% to 27.3%. The payback period ranges from 8.36 to 8.74 years. The working fluids selection helps to reduce the exergy destruction of intermediate heat exchanger, which could be up to 30.59%.